Credibility, Expertise In Addition To The Challenges Of Scientific Discipline Communication 2.0
Recently, wide-ranging discussions close so-called ‘post-truth’ possess got also significantly involved science-related topics in addition to scientific discipline communication.
The number of credibility in addition to reliability of information is land fundamental for scientific discipline communication in addition to populace agreement of science. However, approximately themes deserve to a greater extent than attending inwards this context.
We alive inwards a communication surroundings that is radically dissimilar from the past, in addition to nevertheless, nosotros paradoxically maintain to invoke traditional forms of certifying the trustworthiness of information. In the historic menstruum of ‘science communication 1.0’, if nosotros wishing to telephone telephone it that, the reputation of the origin or mag build was plenty to reassure us (for goodness or for ill) of the credibility of content. ‘I read it inwards the newspaper; it was on TV news’ were expressions oftentimes used to unopen a discussion. Nowadays, such guarantees seem no longer viable. The Internet hosts a deluge of citations dubiously attributed to famous thinkers in addition to scientists inwards an endeavour to cling to their authorisation in addition to prestige. Some fourth dimension ago, the mag New Scientist collected a long serial of quotes attributed to Einstein (including 1 highly widespread on the disappearance of bees) never genuinely said or written past times the famous physicist. ‘A scientist said it’ is increasingly in addition to confusingly used every bit a synonym for ‘scientific’.
The character of information has a toll – inwards scientific discipline communication every bit inwards other domains – in addition to nosotros cannot appear such character from social media networks whose essence concern is non close informing or publishing and, furthermore, when people are non willing to pass a few euros/dollars to read a paper or magazine. To build an analogy alongside gastronomy, it is like, accustomed to stuffing ourselves at a cheap, all-inclusive buffet, nosotros would all of a abrupt appear to notice in that location haute cuisine delicacies. Even if such delicacies were there, it is doubtful that nosotros would live able to distinguish them from the rest.
Mystification for propaganda, also involving well-established scientists, is for certain non a novelty introduced past times the Internet. In 1914, approximately of the greatest High German scientists of the time, including vii Nobel laureates, signed in addition to disseminated the so-called ‘Manifesto of 93’. The manifesto denied a serial of facts (including the invasion of Kingdom of Belgium past times Germany!) for the sole role of supporting their ain Nation’s stance.
The character of populace communication of scientific discipline is – fifty-fifty to a greater extent than than inwards the past times – highly subject on the character of inquiry produced in addition to published inwards specialized contexts. In the context that I possess got described elsewhere every bit a ‘crisis of mediators’, novel inquiry is increasingly pushed inwards existent fourth dimension into the populace domain without beingness ‘filtered’, every bit was the instance inwards the past times decades, past times professional person mediators in addition to popularizers. This inevitably connects scientific discipline communication at large alongside trends causing major concerns inwards the reason of inquiry policy in addition to academic publishing: a important rising inwards the number of retracted papers (an estimated 1000% inwards the in conclusion 10 years, rising from xxx cases inwards 2002 to to a greater extent than than 600 exclusively inwards Medline, 2016), the emergence of ‘predatory journals’ available to set out whatever content regardless of its quality, in addition to lack of in addition to failure inwards replicating studies in addition to experiments. The straight off fully discredited study on the link betwixt vaccines in addition to autism was at the fourth dimension published past times the prestigious medical mag The Lancet, in addition to the same holds for other studies afterwards proven to live simulated (or fifty-fifty fraudulent) after their appearance inwards of import journals. One of the latest cases bears item involvement for our field. In 2016, Science published a paper past times scientists from Uppsala University, Sweden, according to which exposure to high concentrations of polystyrene would build approximately fish larvae ‘preferring to consume plastic rather than their natural prey’. The paper’s conclusions land appealed to multiple media frames, in addition to they all of a abrupt made headlines globally. ‘Fish consume plastic similar teens consume fast food, researchers say’, summarized BBC News. The paper was retracted past times the mag inwards May 2017, next accusations of information fabrication. However, farther reports revealed that the mag had before dismissed strong criticism on the paper in addition to its empirical footing submitted past times a non-academic, amateur scientist fellow member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). This led a science journalist to enhance the next questions: ‘Does citizen scientific discipline count for cipher inwards academia? Are amateur scientists expected exclusively to unquestioningly applaud in addition to assist their academic role models, piece keeping their scientific criticisms to themselves?’
Rather than joining electrical load in addition to despair for an alleged decay of the character of scientific discipline communication, we could come across inwards this landscape relevant challenges in addition to opportunities for our inquiry in addition to discussions. Some points for give-and-take in addition to farther inquiry follow.
At to the lowest degree since the early on 1990s, nosotros possess got begun to recognize the fluidity in addition to continuous nature of scientific discipline communication rather than its segregate, compartmental partition betwixt specialist in addition to pop domains. With scientists publicly debating inwards existent fourth dimension through Twitter in addition to blogs in addition to citizens beingness able to access novel inquiry inwards existent time, scientific discipline communication (as good every bit the distinction betwixt experts in addition to non-experts) has never been hence fluid in addition to porous. This opens novel opportunities for scientists’ visibility, every bit good every bit risks of pushing into the populace give-and-take rushed conclusions in addition to fifty-fifty fraudulent content. But it also paves the agency for a novel circularity, opening the scientific struggle to the input in addition to scrutiny of quasi-experts, amateurs in addition to citizen scientists, in addition to eventually foreshadowing a potential novel role of one-time mediators, for example, investigative scientific discipline journalism.
Historically, reflection on scientific discipline communication largely started inwards the post-war decades every bit the scrutiny of the character of scientific discipline journalism in addition to popularization; 1 could provocatively inquire whether contemporary reflection on scientific discipline communication could foster a scrutiny of the character of scientific discipline communication at large, including that produced past times the specialists. For our field, this also implies rethinking the really pregnant of key price similar ‘quality’ in addition to ‘accuracy’. Accuracy of scientific discipline communication was traditionally defined every bit adherence to the specialist message, but is this soundless the case? Was the BBC headline ‘accurately’ reporting on the fish eating plastic study published past times Science? We in all likelihood demand a novel notion of accuracy; nosotros for certain demand a broader notion of quality, encompassing non exclusively accuracy but also openness to scrutiny in addition to dialogue, independence in addition to fairness.
The contemporary communication landscape clearly places novel in addition to greater responsibleness on researchers in addition to their institutions, who are increasingly active inwards communication to the ‘end user’ in addition to non ever prepared to bargain alongside the dynamics in addition to potential risks of such engagement. During the heated struggle that ensued close vaccination inwards Italia inwards 2016, an immunologist who had heavily in addition to generously committed to engage inwards give-and-take through his ain Facebook page eventually decided to abruptly cancel all comments past times claiming, ‘Here exclusively those who possess got studied tin comment, non the mutual citizen. Science is non democratic’.
Such communicative landscape also places much greater responsibleness on the users of information in addition to their pick in addition to evaluation of content in addition to its reliability. This poses an obvious inquiry of competence.
It also demands greater attention, past times scientific discipline communication studies, non exclusively to the production in addition to access but also to the variety inwards usage of content. The circulation of information inwards social media, for example, serves a variety of ‘uses in addition to gratifications’ – to recollect a classic concept inwards media theory – that attain from information to entertainment, to the digital surrogate of bar chat. Much has been discussed close how to boundary the circulation of (even censoring) sure content. Very footling has been discussed close how to select in addition to evaluate information on the footing of context in addition to private needs (e.g. ‘I desire to relax for a few minutes or indulge inwards unloose chat/gossip, I read in addition to comment without much thought’, totally dissimilar from ‘I possess got to vaccinate my child, I inquire my doc for accurate information’).
Discussions of post-truth in addition to character of scientific discipline communication are often, to a greater extent than or less explicitly, coupled alongside speculations close declining trust inwards scientific discipline per se, mistrust of scientists in addition to their expertise, in addition to fifty-fifty anti-science attitudes.
As far every bit nosotros tin enjoin from empirical inquiry inwards the land in addition to alongside possible regional variations, this seems mostly non the case.
However, this should non foreclose reflection on what is for certain an opened upwards – in addition to possibly neglected – inquiry for our field. That is, to set it inevitably inwards full general in addition to sketchy terms, the turn down of science’s cultural authority. By science’s cultural authority, I lift to the procedure which had already inwards 1906 attracted the attending of economist in addition to sociologist Thorstein Veblen, leading him to notice that ‘On whatever large inquiry which is to live disposed of for goodness in addition to all the terminal appeal is past times mutual consent taken to the scientist’, to define science’s role every bit ‘Quasi lignum vitae inwards paradiso Dei, et quasi lucerna fulgoris inwards domo Domini’ (like the tree of life inwards God’s paradise, in addition to similar a light of splendour inwards the household of the Lord) in addition to eventually to ask, ‘How has this cult of scientific discipline arisen?’
We know from several historical, social in addition to populace perception studies that much has been changing, both inwards scientific discipline in addition to inwards gild in addition to at the intersection of the two. It is increasingly of import for our land to enhance the inquiry of which communicative processes may possess got contributed to changes inwards the cultural in addition to social condition of science.
For instance, what is the touching on of the longstanding in addition to persisting emphasis on scientific discipline every bit producer of applied scientific discipline in addition to welfare, every bit a toolbox whose input is investments in addition to output is solution of practical problems? This notion has dominated, during the past times decades, the rhetoric of inquiry policy in addition to conception inwards Europe (also past times subsuming most of social in addition to political give-and-take nether the handy, policy friendly label of ‘Responsible Research in addition to Innovation’). Could this possess got played a role inwards publicly in addition to culturally defining scientific discipline every bit a practical toolbox (or fifty-fifty every bit a supermarket!), something that hence tin live challenged or fifty-fifty discarded when its answers/solutions practice non stand upwards for the needs, expectations in addition to purposes (or fifty-fifty tastes) of relevant actors? To a sure extent, this, rather than a land anti-science frame, could assist us translate contemporary populace debates similar those on vaccination.
And what is the long-term touching on of the stylish moving ridge of pop formats for presenting scientific discipline to the public: competitions amid immature scientists, FameLab, 3-minute pitches, in addition to hence on? Could this possess got contributed to shaping an icon of scientific discipline every bit ‘easy’ in addition to quick to make, every bit good every bit to understand, that undermines all the uncertainty, the patience in addition to difficult labour in addition to thereby encourages superficial, horizontal criticism past times users, only similar inwards go or nutrient users reviews.
Finally, the inquiry of democracy is oftentimes implied inwards discussions close the character of communication in addition to populace debate. Should anybody, regardless of their preparation, possess got a tell when it comes to scientific discipline communication? Or every bit the Italian immunologist set it, exclusively those who possess got studied tin comment, because ‘science is non democratic’?
This is in all likelihood a theme for political give-and-take at to the lowest degree every bit much every bit a theme for scholarly reflection.
On 1 hand, it would live tardily to grip that scientific discipline is non democratic. It would live silly, for example, to vote past times bulk on the validity of the laws of gravitation. Furthermore, nosotros possess got clear historical evidence that the character of inquiry functioning is non necessarily linked to democratic regimes: classic examples include Nazi Deutschland medical inquiry or infinite inquiry inwards the Soviet Union.
In democratic societies, however, the discussion close scientific discipline inwards gild should for certain live democratic. As nosotros know from a large torso of literature inwards our field, this includes non exclusively give-and-take of potential implications of inquiry applications but also opened upwards in addition to engaging give-and-take of the priorities of inquiry funding in addition to of the really aims in addition to inquiry agenda.
It is quite an ambitious chore in addition to 1 that largely remains unfulfilled inwards most societies in addition to inquiry policy contexts. But again, it is an chance for our land to display its relevance in addition to contribute to an informed in addition to democratic discussion.
Massimiano Bucchi
Science in addition to Technology inwards Society, University of Trento, Italy
Public Understanding of Science Editor
References
Bucchi M. Beyond Technocracy: Science, Politics, in addition to Citizens
Bucchi M., Trench B. Science communication in addition to scientific discipline inwards society: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 conceptual review inwards 10 keywords.
Scharrer L., Rupieper Y., Stadtler M., et al. When scientific discipline becomes also easy: Science popularization inclines laypeople to underrate their dependence on experts.
Schneider L. Fishy peer review at Science.
Veblen T. The house of scientific discipline inwards modern civilization.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Susan Howard, Giuseppe Pellegrini, Anna Priante in addition to Brian Trench for their comments on an before version of this editorial in addition to to Robert Watt in addition to the participants of the seminar organized past times Forskom/SEI inwards Stockholm for the interesting give-and-take on these topics.
Recently, wide-ranging discussions close so-called ‘post-truth’ possess got also significantly involved science-related topics in addition to scientific discipline communication.The number of credibility in addition to reliability of information is land fundamental for scientific discipline communication in addition to populace agreement of science. However, approximately themes deserve to a greater extent than attending inwards this context.
We alive inwards a communication surroundings that is radically dissimilar from the past, in addition to nevertheless, nosotros paradoxically maintain to invoke traditional forms of certifying the trustworthiness of information. In the historic menstruum of ‘science communication 1.0’, if nosotros wishing to telephone telephone it that, the reputation of the origin or mag build was plenty to reassure us (for goodness or for ill) of the credibility of content. ‘I read it inwards the newspaper; it was on TV news’ were expressions oftentimes used to unopen a discussion. Nowadays, such guarantees seem no longer viable. The Internet hosts a deluge of citations dubiously attributed to famous thinkers in addition to scientists inwards an endeavour to cling to their authorisation in addition to prestige. Some fourth dimension ago, the mag New Scientist collected a long serial of quotes attributed to Einstein (including 1 highly widespread on the disappearance of bees) never genuinely said or written past times the famous physicist. ‘A scientist said it’ is increasingly in addition to confusingly used every bit a synonym for ‘scientific’.
The character of information has a toll – inwards scientific discipline communication every bit inwards other domains – in addition to nosotros cannot appear such character from social media networks whose essence concern is non close informing or publishing and, furthermore, when people are non willing to pass a few euros/dollars to read a paper or magazine. To build an analogy alongside gastronomy, it is like, accustomed to stuffing ourselves at a cheap, all-inclusive buffet, nosotros would all of a abrupt appear to notice in that location haute cuisine delicacies. Even if such delicacies were there, it is doubtful that nosotros would live able to distinguish them from the rest.
Mystification for propaganda, also involving well-established scientists, is for certain non a novelty introduced past times the Internet. In 1914, approximately of the greatest High German scientists of the time, including vii Nobel laureates, signed in addition to disseminated the so-called ‘Manifesto of 93’. The manifesto denied a serial of facts (including the invasion of Kingdom of Belgium past times Germany!) for the sole role of supporting their ain Nation’s stance.
The character of populace communication of scientific discipline is – fifty-fifty to a greater extent than than inwards the past times – highly subject on the character of inquiry produced in addition to published inwards specialized contexts. In the context that I possess got described elsewhere every bit a ‘crisis of mediators’, novel inquiry is increasingly pushed inwards existent fourth dimension into the populace domain without beingness ‘filtered’, every bit was the instance inwards the past times decades, past times professional person mediators in addition to popularizers. This inevitably connects scientific discipline communication at large alongside trends causing major concerns inwards the reason of inquiry policy in addition to academic publishing: a important rising inwards the number of retracted papers (an estimated 1000% inwards the in conclusion 10 years, rising from xxx cases inwards 2002 to to a greater extent than than 600 exclusively inwards Medline, 2016), the emergence of ‘predatory journals’ available to set out whatever content regardless of its quality, in addition to lack of in addition to failure inwards replicating studies in addition to experiments. The straight off fully discredited study on the link betwixt vaccines in addition to autism was at the fourth dimension published past times the prestigious medical mag The Lancet, in addition to the same holds for other studies afterwards proven to live simulated (or fifty-fifty fraudulent) after their appearance inwards of import journals. One of the latest cases bears item involvement for our field. In 2016, Science published a paper past times scientists from Uppsala University, Sweden, according to which exposure to high concentrations of polystyrene would build approximately fish larvae ‘preferring to consume plastic rather than their natural prey’. The paper’s conclusions land appealed to multiple media frames, in addition to they all of a abrupt made headlines globally. ‘Fish consume plastic similar teens consume fast food, researchers say’, summarized BBC News. The paper was retracted past times the mag inwards May 2017, next accusations of information fabrication. However, farther reports revealed that the mag had before dismissed strong criticism on the paper in addition to its empirical footing submitted past times a non-academic, amateur scientist fellow member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). This led a science journalist to enhance the next questions: ‘Does citizen scientific discipline count for cipher inwards academia? Are amateur scientists expected exclusively to unquestioningly applaud in addition to assist their academic role models, piece keeping their scientific criticisms to themselves?’
Rather than joining electrical load in addition to despair for an alleged decay of the character of scientific discipline communication, we could come across inwards this landscape relevant challenges in addition to opportunities for our inquiry in addition to discussions. Some points for give-and-take in addition to farther inquiry follow.
At to the lowest degree since the early on 1990s, nosotros possess got begun to recognize the fluidity in addition to continuous nature of scientific discipline communication rather than its segregate, compartmental partition betwixt specialist in addition to pop domains. With scientists publicly debating inwards existent fourth dimension through Twitter in addition to blogs in addition to citizens beingness able to access novel inquiry inwards existent time, scientific discipline communication (as good every bit the distinction betwixt experts in addition to non-experts) has never been hence fluid in addition to porous. This opens novel opportunities for scientists’ visibility, every bit good every bit risks of pushing into the populace give-and-take rushed conclusions in addition to fifty-fifty fraudulent content. But it also paves the agency for a novel circularity, opening the scientific struggle to the input in addition to scrutiny of quasi-experts, amateurs in addition to citizen scientists, in addition to eventually foreshadowing a potential novel role of one-time mediators, for example, investigative scientific discipline journalism.
Historically, reflection on scientific discipline communication largely started inwards the post-war decades every bit the scrutiny of the character of scientific discipline journalism in addition to popularization; 1 could provocatively inquire whether contemporary reflection on scientific discipline communication could foster a scrutiny of the character of scientific discipline communication at large, including that produced past times the specialists. For our field, this also implies rethinking the really pregnant of key price similar ‘quality’ in addition to ‘accuracy’. Accuracy of scientific discipline communication was traditionally defined every bit adherence to the specialist message, but is this soundless the case? Was the BBC headline ‘accurately’ reporting on the fish eating plastic study published past times Science? We in all likelihood demand a novel notion of accuracy; nosotros for certain demand a broader notion of quality, encompassing non exclusively accuracy but also openness to scrutiny in addition to dialogue, independence in addition to fairness.
The contemporary communication landscape clearly places novel in addition to greater responsibleness on researchers in addition to their institutions, who are increasingly active inwards communication to the ‘end user’ in addition to non ever prepared to bargain alongside the dynamics in addition to potential risks of such engagement. During the heated struggle that ensued close vaccination inwards Italia inwards 2016, an immunologist who had heavily in addition to generously committed to engage inwards give-and-take through his ain Facebook page eventually decided to abruptly cancel all comments past times claiming, ‘Here exclusively those who possess got studied tin comment, non the mutual citizen. Science is non democratic’.
Such communicative landscape also places much greater responsibleness on the users of information in addition to their pick in addition to evaluation of content in addition to its reliability. This poses an obvious inquiry of competence.
It also demands greater attention, past times scientific discipline communication studies, non exclusively to the production in addition to access but also to the variety inwards usage of content. The circulation of information inwards social media, for example, serves a variety of ‘uses in addition to gratifications’ – to recollect a classic concept inwards media theory – that attain from information to entertainment, to the digital surrogate of bar chat. Much has been discussed close how to boundary the circulation of (even censoring) sure content. Very footling has been discussed close how to select in addition to evaluate information on the footing of context in addition to private needs (e.g. ‘I desire to relax for a few minutes or indulge inwards unloose chat/gossip, I read in addition to comment without much thought’, totally dissimilar from ‘I possess got to vaccinate my child, I inquire my doc for accurate information’).
Discussions of post-truth in addition to character of scientific discipline communication are often, to a greater extent than or less explicitly, coupled alongside speculations close declining trust inwards scientific discipline per se, mistrust of scientists in addition to their expertise, in addition to fifty-fifty anti-science attitudes.
As far every bit nosotros tin enjoin from empirical inquiry inwards the land in addition to alongside possible regional variations, this seems mostly non the case.
However, this should non foreclose reflection on what is for certain an opened upwards – in addition to possibly neglected – inquiry for our field. That is, to set it inevitably inwards full general in addition to sketchy terms, the turn down of science’s cultural authority. By science’s cultural authority, I lift to the procedure which had already inwards 1906 attracted the attending of economist in addition to sociologist Thorstein Veblen, leading him to notice that ‘On whatever large inquiry which is to live disposed of for goodness in addition to all the terminal appeal is past times mutual consent taken to the scientist’, to define science’s role every bit ‘Quasi lignum vitae inwards paradiso Dei, et quasi lucerna fulgoris inwards domo Domini’ (like the tree of life inwards God’s paradise, in addition to similar a light of splendour inwards the household of the Lord) in addition to eventually to ask, ‘How has this cult of scientific discipline arisen?’
We know from several historical, social in addition to populace perception studies that much has been changing, both inwards scientific discipline in addition to inwards gild in addition to at the intersection of the two. It is increasingly of import for our land to enhance the inquiry of which communicative processes may possess got contributed to changes inwards the cultural in addition to social condition of science.
For instance, what is the touching on of the longstanding in addition to persisting emphasis on scientific discipline every bit producer of applied scientific discipline in addition to welfare, every bit a toolbox whose input is investments in addition to output is solution of practical problems? This notion has dominated, during the past times decades, the rhetoric of inquiry policy in addition to conception inwards Europe (also past times subsuming most of social in addition to political give-and-take nether the handy, policy friendly label of ‘Responsible Research in addition to Innovation’). Could this possess got played a role inwards publicly in addition to culturally defining scientific discipline every bit a practical toolbox (or fifty-fifty every bit a supermarket!), something that hence tin live challenged or fifty-fifty discarded when its answers/solutions practice non stand upwards for the needs, expectations in addition to purposes (or fifty-fifty tastes) of relevant actors? To a sure extent, this, rather than a land anti-science frame, could assist us translate contemporary populace debates similar those on vaccination.
And what is the long-term touching on of the stylish moving ridge of pop formats for presenting scientific discipline to the public: competitions amid immature scientists, FameLab, 3-minute pitches, in addition to hence on? Could this possess got contributed to shaping an icon of scientific discipline every bit ‘easy’ in addition to quick to make, every bit good every bit to understand, that undermines all the uncertainty, the patience in addition to difficult labour in addition to thereby encourages superficial, horizontal criticism past times users, only similar inwards go or nutrient users reviews.
Finally, the inquiry of democracy is oftentimes implied inwards discussions close the character of communication in addition to populace debate. Should anybody, regardless of their preparation, possess got a tell when it comes to scientific discipline communication? Or every bit the Italian immunologist set it, exclusively those who possess got studied tin comment, because ‘science is non democratic’?
This is in all likelihood a theme for political give-and-take at to the lowest degree every bit much every bit a theme for scholarly reflection.
On 1 hand, it would live tardily to grip that scientific discipline is non democratic. It would live silly, for example, to vote past times bulk on the validity of the laws of gravitation. Furthermore, nosotros possess got clear historical evidence that the character of inquiry functioning is non necessarily linked to democratic regimes: classic examples include Nazi Deutschland medical inquiry or infinite inquiry inwards the Soviet Union.
In democratic societies, however, the discussion close scientific discipline inwards gild should for certain live democratic. As nosotros know from a large torso of literature inwards our field, this includes non exclusively give-and-take of potential implications of inquiry applications but also opened upwards in addition to engaging give-and-take of the priorities of inquiry funding in addition to of the really aims in addition to inquiry agenda.
It is quite an ambitious chore in addition to 1 that largely remains unfulfilled inwards most societies in addition to inquiry policy contexts. But again, it is an chance for our land to display its relevance in addition to contribute to an informed in addition to democratic discussion.
Massimiano Bucchi
Science in addition to Technology inwards Society, University of Trento, Italy
Public Understanding of Science Editor
References
Bucchi M. Beyond Technocracy: Science, Politics, in addition to Citizens
Bucchi M., Trench B. Science communication in addition to scientific discipline inwards society: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 conceptual review inwards 10 keywords.
Scharrer L., Rupieper Y., Stadtler M., et al. When scientific discipline becomes also easy: Science popularization inclines laypeople to underrate their dependence on experts.
Schneider L. Fishy peer review at Science.
Veblen T. The house of scientific discipline inwards modern civilization.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Susan Howard, Giuseppe Pellegrini, Anna Priante in addition to Brian Trench for their comments on an before version of this editorial in addition to to Robert Watt in addition to the participants of the seminar organized past times Forskom/SEI inwards Stockholm for the interesting give-and-take on these topics.
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